《生命科学》 2026, 38(6): 1072-1094
免疫衰老机制与干预策略的研究进展
摘 要：
随着全球人口老龄化趋势加剧，衰老已成为备受关注的重大公共卫生问题。免疫衰老作为衰老进程中的重要环节，尤其受到学术界的广泛关注。本文系统总结了衰老过程中适应性免疫系统（如T细胞、B细胞）与先天性免疫系统（包括NK细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞）在免疫细胞亚群、表型及功能方面的变化，并探讨了免疫微环境的整体演变特征以及免疫衰老在不同疾病背景下呈现的异质性及双向调控作用，从而全面呈现衰老进程中免疫系统的改变趋势。此外，本文还从干细胞治疗、药物治疗和生活方式干预三个角度，归纳了提升免疫功能的方法。这些研究不仅揭示了免疫衰老的内在机制，也为延缓免疫衰老、促进老年健康及延长健康寿命提供了科学依据和潜在干预策略。
通讯作者：陈国兵 , Email:guobingchen@jnu.edu.cn
Abstract:
Combined with the background that the global population aging process continues to accelerate, and the aging speed of China far outpaces the world average, this paper systematically summarizes the latest research progress of immunosenescence, elucidates its regulatory mechanism, association with diseases and intervention strategies, so as to provide theoretical reference and conceptual support for subsequent basic research and clinical intervention. We mainly focuse on immune senescence, elaborating the senescence mechanism and characteristics of T cells and B cells in adaptive immunity, and NK cells, monocyte-macrophages, and neutrophils in innate immunity. On this basis, we further analyze the mechanism of the deterioration of immune microenvironment caused by lymphoid tissue degeneration, chronic antigen stimulation, and inflammatory senescence, and the promotion effect of the deterioration of immune microenvironment on immune senescence, and discusse the heterogeneity of immune senescence in different disease backgrounds and the bidirectional regulatory relationship with diseases. Finally, this article summarizes three kinds of immune promotion strategies, including stem cell therapy, drug intervention and lifestyle modification. It is proposed that immunosenescence is a multi-dimensional and systemic physiological and pathological process, and its core feature is the synergistic senescence of innate and adaptive immune cells. The cell autonomous regulatory mechanism and microenvironmental signaling pathways interact to form a vicious circle. Therefore, future research should focus on the elucidation of the programmed regulatory network of immune senescence and the verification of the causal association between age-related diseases, break through the key technologies such as the targeted clearance of aging immune cells and the functional reprogramming of immune cells, and build a quantifiable, dynamic, and repeatable biomarker and comprehensive evaluation system of immune senescence. In order to achieve the core goals of delaying the process of immune senescence, reducing the risk of diseases in the elderly and extending the healthy life span of the elderly, it is necessary to further understand the interactive regulatory mechanism of cross-organ immune network, eventually promote the clinical translation of basic research results to the maintenance of health in the elderly, and develop personalized intervention strategies for immune aging.
Communication Author：CHEN Guo-Bing , Email:guobingchen@jnu.edu.cn
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