《生命科学》 2026, 38(5): 811-820

特殊环境下肠道菌群变化与认知功能障碍的相关性研究进展

张佳君¹ , 樊梦雅² , 王世锋^2,*

¹上海海洋大学食品学院，上海 201306 ²海军军医大学海军特色医学中心，上海 200433

摘　要：

近年来，肠道菌群在神经科学领域受到广泛关注，肠道菌群与认知功能之间存在着紧密联系。认知功能是
保障作业安全与作业效率的关键基础，其稳态维持对特殊环境下的作业安全与作业效能具有关键意义。高原、高温、航空航天、航海潜水等特殊作业环境会破坏肠道菌群平衡，导致肠道屏障损伤，相关代谢物质可经肠-脑轴引发认知功能障碍。本综述聚焦肠道菌群与认知功能的双向调控作用，着重探讨肠道菌群通过神经、免疫及代谢等途径影响认知功能的内在联系，探讨在特殊环境（如高原、高温、航空航天及航海潜水）下肠道菌群的变化和对认知功能的影响，以及益生菌、粪菌移植、饮食、运动及高氧等各种干预措施在改善认知功能中的应用，以期为特殊环境引起的认知功能障碍的防治提供新的理论依据。

通讯作者：王世锋 , Email:156362518@qq.com

Research progress on the association between changes in the gut microbiota and cognitive impairment in special environments

ZHANG Jia-Jun¹ , FAN Meng-Ya² , WANG Shi-Feng^2,*

¹College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China ²Naval Specialty Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China

Abstract:

In recent years, the gut microbiota has attracted widespread attention in the field of neuroscience, and a  close link has been established between the gut microbiota and cognitive function. Cognitive function is a key  foundation for ensuring operational safety and efficiency, and maintaining its homeostasis is of critical importance for operational safety and performance in special environments. Special operational environments such as high-altitude,  high-temperature, aerospace, and maritime diving can disrupt the balance of the gut microbiota, leading to damage to  the intestinal barrier; related metabolic substances then trigger cognitive dysfunction via the gut-brain axis. This review focuses on the bidirectional regulatory relationship between the gut microbiota and cognitive function,  emphasising the intrinsic links through which the gut microbiota influences cognitive function via neural, immune and  metabolic pathways. It analyses changes in the gut microbiota and their impact on cognitive function under extreme conditions (such as high-altitude, high-temperature, aerospace and marine diving environments), as well as the  application of various interventions—including probiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation, diet, exercise and hyperoxia in improving cognitive function, with the aim of providing a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction induced by extreme environments.

Communication Author：WANG Shi-Feng , Email:156362518@qq.com