《生命科学》 2026, 38(2): 340-356

软硬件协同驱动脑机接口技术创新与产业发展

阮梅花¹ , 张永娟¹ , 范月蕾¹ , 陈 洁² , 韦俊龙² , 向 亮³ , 陈大明^1,4,* , 张 旭^3,5,6,*

¹中国科学院上海生命科学信息中心，中国科学院上海营养与健康研究所，上海 200031 ²上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院/上海交通大学行业研究院脑机接口研究团队，上海 200030 ³广东省智能科学与技术研究院，珠海 519031 ⁴中国科学院大学，北京 100049 ⁵中国神经科学学会，上海 200032 ⁶上海联慧脑智工程中心，上海 200400

摘　要：

脑机接口（BCI）是引领新一代科技革命和产业变革的战略性前沿技术，我国已将脑机接口列为六大未来产业之一。2025年标志着脑机接口技术实现了从实验室前沿探索向临床应用的历史性跨越，其临床价值在多领域、多场景中得到系统性验证，正式步入以解决实际临床需求为导向的创新转化新阶段。本文从基础原理、核心技术和应用场景三个层级剖析了驱动该领域取得体系性突破的核心要素，并重点介绍了2025年的重要进展：脑图谱和感知认知机制的跨尺度解析方面取得系统性进展，为理解神经编码机制、提升解码精度提供了理论依据；核心技术创新呈现出多模态信号融合、硬件微创化低功耗高通量与高集成度、软件高精度强泛化并行的特点；临床上已经实现了从运动、语言和视觉功能重建到神经精神疾病的精准闭环调控，并在消费与工业、教育与国家安全等领域实现规模化应用；政策、标准、支付体系、资本与平台共筑创新基座，形成较完善的产业生态。未来各种技术路径将齐头并进，生物智能与人工智能深度融合，实现脑机智能共同体；应用场景将快速拓展，从“功能替代”到“能力增强”，最终到“体验创造”；产业竞争将演变为不同生态系统之间的博弈。在此快速发展过程中，数据和算法、器件将成为核心壁垒与资产，由此带来复杂的伦理与法律挑战，需要完善相关治理体系。

通讯作者：陈大明 , Email:chendaming@sinh.ac.cn 张 旭 , Email:xu.zhang@gdiist.cn

Technological innovation and industrial development of brain-computer interfaces enabled by software-hardware synergy

RUAN Mei-Hua¹ , ZHANG Yong-Juan¹ , FAN Yue-Lei¹ , CHEN Jie² , WEI Jun-Long² , XIANG Liang³ , CHEN Da-Ming^1,4,* , ZHANG Xu^3,5,6,*

¹Shanghai Information Center for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China ²Antai College of Economics and Management, Brain-Computer Interface Research Team, Institute of Industry Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China ³Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Zhuhai 519031, China ⁴University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ⁵Chinese Neuroscience Society, Shanghai 200032, China ⁶Shanghai Brain Intelligence Engineering Center, Shanghai 200400, China

Abstract:

Brain-computer interface (BCI) represents a strategic frontier technology driving a new wave of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. In China, BCI has been designated as one of the six industries of the future. The year 2025 marks a historic transition of BCI technologies from laboratory-based exploration to large-scale clinical deployment, with the clinical value of BCI systematically validated across multiple domains and scenarios. The field has formally entered into a new phase of practical development driven by clinical needs. This article analyzes the innovation ecosystem of BCI, highlights major advances achieved in 2025, and explores future development trajectories. The BCI innovation ecosystem comprises three layers. The foundational layer encompasses two pillars: brain science and machinerelated technologies. The core technology layer covers the technical pipeline from signal acquisition and processing to execution and feedback. The application layer is centered on healthcare while expanding into diversified domains, including education and consumer applications, industrial manufacturing, intelligent transportation, and military and security. Major advances in 2025 are reflected in several aspects. First, systematic progress has been achieved in brain atlases and perceptual cognitive mechanisms, providing a theoretical basis for BCI. Second, in core technological innovation, multimodal signal integration has accelerated; hardware such as electrodes and chips has rapidly evolved toward minimally invasive, highly integrated, low-power, and high-throughput designs; and large brain models have driven signal decoding toward higher accuracy, stronger generalizability, improved robustness, and scenario-oriented deployment. Third, clinically, BCIs have advanced from restoring motor, language, and visual functions to enabling precise closed-loop modulation of neuropsychiatric disorders, while also achieving scaled applications in consumer, industrial, educational, and national security contexts. Fourth, policies, standards, reimbursement systems, capital investment, and platform infrastructures have jointly established a robust innovation foundation, fostering a relatively mature industrial ecosystem. Looking ahead, diverse technological pathways are expected to advance in parallel, with deep integration of biological intelligence and artificial intelligence giving rise to a brain-machine intelligence symbiosis. Application scenarios are anticipated to expand rapidly, evolving from “functional substitution” to “capability enhancement” and ultimately to “experience creation”. Industrial competition will increasingly take the form of competition among ecosystems. In this rapidly evolving landscape, data and algorithms alongside devices will emerge as core assets, accompanied by complex ethical and legal challenges that necessitate the development of comprehensive governance frameworks.

Communication Author：CHEN Da-Ming , Email:chendaming@sinh.ac.cn ZHANG Xu , Email:xu.zhang@gdiist.cn