《生命科学》 2025, 37(10): 1279-1291

小细胞外囊泡在肝脏疾病中的作用及应用前景

钟琼慧 , 章　蕾^*

南昌大学第二附属医院，免疫与炎症江西省重点实验室，江西省检验医学重点实验室，南昌 330006

摘　要：

小细胞外囊泡(small extracellular vesicles, sEVs) 是细胞分泌的脂质双层囊泡，广泛存在于脊椎动物的体液中，携带多种生物活性分子( 如蛋白质、核酸和脂质)，在细胞间通讯、免疫调节及疾病进展中发挥关键作用。肝脏是人体最大的代谢器官，其病变伴随着复杂的代谢重编程，而sEVs 通过传递功能性分子参与肝脏疾病的起始与进展。本文系统综述了sEVs 在病毒性肝炎、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、肝硬化及肝癌等多种肝脏疾病中的病理生理学机制，重点探讨了sEVs 作为新型生物标志物在疾病早期诊断中的潜在价值及其在靶向治疗策略开发中的应用前景。

通讯作者：章　蕾 , Email:1107375031@qq.com

Roles and therapeutic prospects of small extracellular vesicles in liver diseases

ZHONG Qiong-Hui , ZHANG Lei^*

Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Jiangxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China

Abstract:

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanoscale vesicles actively secreted by cells and ubiquitously present in the biological fluids of vertebrates. These vesicles carry a diverse cargo of bioactive molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and serve as critical mediators of intercellular communication, immune modulation, and pathological processes. As the largest metabolic organ in the human body, the liver undergoes extensive metabolic reprogramming in response to lesions. Emerging evidence indicates that sEVs contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of liver diseases through the horizontal transfer of functional biomolecules. This review elucidates the mechanistic roles of sEVs in various liver disorders, including viral hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and hepatic cancer. Additionally, we explore the potential utility of sEVs as novel diagnostic biomarkers for early disease detection and discuss their promising applications in the development of precision therapeutics.

Communication Author：ZHANG Lei , Email:1107375031@qq.com