《生命科学》 2025, 37(2): 196-205

外泌体在阿尔茨海默病发病、诊断和治疗中的作用

黎易宣 , 王雅榕 , 廖静雯 , 牟连伟^*

广州体育学院广东省运动与健康重点实验室，广州 510500

摘　要：

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD) 是以Aβ、过度磷酸化tau 蛋白和神经炎症为主要病理特征的神经退行性疾病。外泌体(exosome) 是纳米级膜性微小囊泡，其可通过转运Aβ、tau 蛋白和炎症因子介导阿尔茨海默病中枢神经系统内神经元和胶质细胞的病理过程。外泌体可透过血脑屏障并稳定存在于血液环境中。血液中神经元或胶质细胞来源的外泌体所携带的Aβ、tau 蛋白、miRNA、炎症因子和突触蛋白可以作为AD 早期诊断的生物标志物。此外，外源性间充质干细胞来源的外泌体可通过调控AD 脑内Aβ、tau 蛋白及炎症状态改善其认知障碍。本文深入探讨了外泌体在阿尔茨海默病发病、诊断和治疗中的作用。

通讯作者：牟连伟 , Email:bsumlw140243@126.com

Role of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease

LI Yi-Xuan , WANG Ya-Rong , LIAO Jing-Wen , MU Lian-Wei^*

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China

Abstract:

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by senile plaques formed by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and neuroinflammation. Exosomes are nanoscale membranous vesicles that play a role in the pathology of neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease by transporting Aβ, tau proteins, and inflammatory factors. Exosomes can traverse the blood-brain barrier and remain stable in the bloodstream. Aβ, tau proteins, miRNAs, inflammatory factors, and synaptic proteins transported by exosomes derived from neuronal or glial cells in serum or plasma can serve as biomarkers for the early detection of AD. In addition, exosomes derived from exogenous mesenchymal stem cells can improve cognitive impairment in AD by modulating Aβ, tau proteins, and inflammatory status in the brain. This article provides insight into the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Communication Author：MU Lian-Wei , Email:bsumlw140243@126.com