《生命科学》 2022, 34(11): 1431-1441

外膜囊泡在肿瘤疫苗中的应用研究进展

孙　偲 , 武彦昊 , 郭佳亿 , 白　杨 , 郝慧芳^*

内蒙古大学生命科学学院，呼和浩特 010000

摘　要：

肿瘤发病率逐年上升，对人类健康产生了极大的威胁。传统的肿瘤治疗方法包括手术、放射治疗、化学疗法及靶向治疗等，但这些方法都有各自的局限性，肿瘤的转移、复发及耐药性仍然是迫切需要解决的问题。肿瘤疫苗是肿瘤主动免疫治疗的主要方法，其可分为预防性肿瘤疫苗和治疗性肿瘤疫苗。细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs) 是一种由革兰氏阴性菌外膜产生的球状结构，在促进细菌生长、感染宿主细胞中十分重要。OMVs 组成成分复杂，有很强的免疫原性与不可复制性，通过基因修饰还可将外源抗原呈递于囊泡膜表面，因此OMVs 具有作为疫苗、疫苗佐剂以及优良的外源抗原载体的潜力。在肿瘤免疫治疗中，以OMVs 为载体将肿瘤抗原、抗癌药物或其他免疫相关因子运送到患者体内，从而在患者体内建立抗肿瘤环境、杀死肿瘤细胞，有着特异性强、不良反应少等优势。目前，不少OMVs 疫苗产品已经上市，也有少数OMVs 疫苗成功应用到肿瘤治疗的临床试验。本文就肿瘤疫苗、OMVs、OMVs 在疫苗和肿瘤疫苗方面的应用做一概述，并对目前OMVs 肿瘤疫苗的优势以及研发仍然需要克服的众多挑战进行总结，为进一步开展OMVs 在肿瘤疫苗中的应用研究做一参考辅助。

通讯作者：郝慧芳 , Email:111981355@imu.edu.cn

Research progress on the application of outer membrane vesicles in tumor vaccine

SUN Cai , WU Yan-Hao , GUO Jia-Yi , BAI Yang , HAO Hui-Fang^*

School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China

Abstract:

The morbidity of tumors is increasing year by year, which poses a great threat to human health.
Traditional cancer treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. However, these methods have their own limitations. Metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance of tumors are still urgent problems to be solved. Tumor vaccine is the main method of tumor active immunotherapy, which can be divided into preventive tumor vaccine and therapeutic tumor vaccine. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical structures produced by the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which are very important in promoting bacterial growth and infecting host cells. OMVs have complex components, strong immunogenicity and nonreplicability, and exogenous antigens can also be presented on the surface of vesicles by gene modification, so OMVs have the potential to become vaccines, vaccine adjuvants and excellent carriers of exogenous antigens. In tumor immunotherapy, OMVs can be used as carriers to deliver tumor antigens, anticancer drugs or other immunerelated factors to patients, so as to establish an anti-tumor environment in patients and kill tumor cells, which have the advantages of strong specificity and fewer adverse reactions. At present, many OMVs vaccine products have been marketed, and a few OMVs vaccines have been successfully applied to clinical trials of cancer treatment. In this paper, the tumor vaccines, OMVs, and the application of OMVs in tumor vaccines are reviewed, the advantages of OMVs tumor vaccines and many challenges to be overcome in research and development are summarized, aiming to provide references for further research on the application of OMVs in tumor vaccines.

Communication Author：HAO Hui-Fang , Email:111981355@imu.edu.cn