《生命科学》 2020, 32(4): 309-314

转移核糖核酸(tRNA)与癌症

李　浩1，2，刘如娟3*，王恩多1，2，3*

(1 中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心/中国科学院生物化学与细胞生物学研究所，上海 200031；2 中国科学院大学，北京 100864；3 上海科技大学生命科学与技术学院，上海 201210)

摘　要：

摘　要：转移核糖核酸(transfer RNA， tRNA)在蛋白质生物合成过程中起关键作用，是将遗传信息翻译成蛋白质一级结构的接头分子。tRNA长久以来一直被认为是基因表达调控过程中的执行者而不具备调控功能，更不曾与癌症的发生联系起来。最新研究表明，某些tRNA在癌细胞中异常表达，与癌症的发生和发展有密切联系。tRNA来源的小分子非编码RNA(tRFs和tiRNAs) 是一类新的基因表达调控分子，tRFs可以调控癌基因的表达或者与RNA 结合蛋白相互作用来调控癌细胞增殖和细胞周期进程。tRNA的转录后修饰能够调控mRNA 翻译过程，进而影响癌细胞的生长。随着测序技术的发展，tRNA 在癌症发生和发展中的调控作用成为近年来的研究热点，现将从“tRNA 分子调控癌症的发生和发展”、“tRNA 来源的小分子非编码RNA 与癌症”以及“tRNA 修饰与癌症”三个方面综述tRNA 分子在癌症发生和发展中的调控功能。

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and cancer

LI Hao1，2， LIU Ru-Juan3*， WANG En-Duo1，2，3*

(1 Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science， Chinese Academy of Sciences / Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Shanghai 200031， China; 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，
    Beijing 100864， China; 3 School of Life Science and Technology， Shanghai Tech University， Shanghai 201210， China)

Abstract:

Abstract: Transfer RNA (transfer RNA， tRNA) plays a key role in the process of protein biosynthesis. It is the connector molecule that translates genetic information into protein primary structure. tRNA has long been regarded as the executor in gene transcriptional regulation， without regulatory functions， not to mention its relationship with cancer. Recent studies have shown that the dysregulated expression of some specific tRNAs in tumor cells is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs and tiRNAs) are a new class of gene expression regulators. tRFs and tiRNAs can regulate the expression of oncogenes or interact with RNA binding proteins to regulate the proliferation and cell cycle of cancer cells. Post transcriptional modification of tRNAs can regulate the process of mRNA translation， which further modulates the growth of cancer cells. This review summarizes the regulatory functions of tRNAs in carcinogenesis from three aspects: "tRNA molecules regulate the occurrence and development of cancer"， "tRNA-derived fragments and cancer" and "tRNA modification and cancer".