《生命科学》 2019, 31(1): 61--66
摘 要：摘 要：外泌体是由多种类型的细胞经过一系列调控形成并可分泌到细胞外基质的膜性囊泡，直径约40~200 nm，通过运送mRNAs、miRNAs 和蛋白质等物质到靶细胞的方式发挥传递物质和交流信息的作用，从而影响靶细胞的生命过程。作为一种新型的细胞间交流方式，外泌体易透过血脑屏障。因此，在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等多种神经系统疾病进展中发挥重要作用。有关外泌体的研究有助于加深人们对中枢神经疾病发生和发展机制的认识，并可为中枢神经系统疾病的治疗提供新的方向。现对外泌体的一般特性、功能以及其作为神经系统疾病诊断标志物和治疗靶点的潜在价值进行综述。
Abstract: Abstract: Exosomes are membranous vesicles which can be formed by many types of cells and can be secreted into the extracellular matrix through a series of regulatory processes. The diameter of the exosomes varies from 40 to 200 nm. Exosomes could transmit substances， such as mRNAs， miRNAs and proteins， to affect the biological activity and communication of target cells. Exosomes could easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier and serve as a new way of intercellular communication， which play an important role in the progression of various neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Researches of exosomes have been deepening the understanding of the occurrence and development mechanisms of central nervous system diseases and provideing a new direction for the treatment of the diseases. This article gives a detailed introduction about the general characteristics and functions of exosomes， as well as their potential value as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for neurological diseases.
