特定因子诱导多能干细胞
山中伸弥
(日本京都大学)

摘 要:

摘  要:胚胎干细胞由于具有发育上的全能性, 被认为是用于移植治疗的最佳来源。然而,由于人的胚胎干细胞直接运用引发免疫排斥以及触及伦理矛盾, 人们一直在研发多能干细胞。2006年,多能干细胞的研究有了重大进展。首先,Yamanaka实验室构建用逆转录载体将候选因子导入成纤维细胞,而后检测多能性标志基因的表达。结果发现,四种因子Oct3/4、Sox2、c-Myc以及Klf4的组合产生了表达多能性标志基因才有的抗药性的克隆,意味着细胞获得了多能性。用这种方法筛选的细胞无论在形态和增殖分化能力方面均类似于干细胞,而且表达干细胞标志基因以及在体内外能向三个胚层的细胞类型分化,这种细胞被命名为诱导性多能干细胞(iPS细胞)。进一步,用更严格的筛选基因nanog得到的iPS能够嵌合到生殖系中。而后,运用改进的方法从人的成体成纤维细胞也可以得到iPS细胞。然而,这种方法得到的嵌合体小鼠存在肿瘤形成现象,可能是由于c-Myc逆转录病毒整合到了基因组。通过替代的方法,去掉c-Myc的iPS也能够获得。为了进一步降低肿瘤形成的几率,近来发展了一种不依赖于病毒的方法,用质粒载体作为介质。iPS进一步的研究热点在于安全性以及从更严格的医学角度提高诱导iPS的效率,其分子机理和相关的技术问题也有待解决和克服。
关键词:干细胞;多能性;逆转录病毒;诱导性多能干细胞

Induction of pluripotency by defined factors
Shinya Yamanaka
(Kyoto University, Japan)

Abstract:

Abstract: Human ES cells have been expected as suitable resources for transplantation therapies. However, it has caused ethical controversy and immune rejection. Hence, we decided to generate an ideal pluripotent stem cell. At first, we constructed a pluripotency assay system via retrovirus vectors.  The set of Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf-4 gave rise to drug resistant colonies implying potential pluripotency. The survived cells resembled ES cells in terms of morphology and proliferation showed ES cell markers and formed teratoma. It was named as induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell). Moreover, iPS cells based on nanog-expression demonstrated germline transmission. Furthermore, we successfully generated iPS cells from human adult fibroblasts, using a modified protocol. However, tumor formation was observed in chimera mouse. We successfully established iPS cells without c-Myc. To lower the risk of tumorigenesis, we recently succeeded in developing a virus-free method. Further research results are discussed from the points of safety and induction efficiency of iPS cells for future clinical grade.
Key words: ES cells; pluripotency; retrovirus; induced pluripotent stem cell

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